<HTML><BODY style="word-wrap: break-word; -khtml-nbsp-mode: space; -khtml-line-break: after-white-space; "><BR><DIV><BR><DIV>Begin forwarded message:</DIV><BR class="Apple-interchange-newline"><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" color="#000000" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000"><B>From: </B></FONT><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica">"Martin C. Goffinet" <<A href="mailto:mcg2@nysaes.cornell.edu">mcg2@nysaes.cornell.edu</A>></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" color="#000000" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000"><B>Date: </B></FONT><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica">September 19, 2007 9:30:49 AM EDT</FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" color="#000000" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000"><B>To: </B></FONT><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica"><A href="mailto:peter.stevens@mobot.org">peter.stevens@mobot.org</A></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" color="#000000" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000"><B>Cc: </B></FONT><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica"><A href="mailto:skb3@nysaes.cornell.edu">skb3@nysaes.cornell.edu</A>, <A href="mailto:cwt6@cornell.edu">cwt6@cornell.edu</A></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" color="#000000" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000"><B>Subject: </B></FONT><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica"><B>Re: Terminology of Apple Fruit Tissues</B></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV> <SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: auto; -khtml-text-decorations-in-effect: none; text-indent: 0px; -apple-text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; orphans: 2; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; "><DIV>To Peter Stevens,</DIV><DIV><BR></DIV><DIV>As a rejoiner to your comments at the bottom, I offer up the following comments. Several botanical dictionaries define cortex as the tissue between the main vascular bundles and the epidermis, whether of the primary construction of a stem, a root, or apple fruit. Because, in the apple, the cortex is only one of the two main flesh regions (the other being "pith"), one cannot say that the cortex is synonymous with "flesh," but that cortex is a major component of the flesh. Pericarp is defined as the wall of a fructified ovary -- pretty generic and topographic, as I interpret it. If pericarp is topographic, then so are the regions defined as composing the pericarp of apple, i.e., endocarp, mesocarp, and exocarp. These three regions differ vastly among the angiosperms as to what each includes as tissue, thus no specific organogenetic pattern or homology of organs or tissues can be universally defined under those three terms. I know of no text that applies the term exocarp as the sole definition of the fruit. Rather, exocarp is universally recognized by botanists as the outer region of the fruit, usually including the epidermis and subjacent hypodermal cell layers. In the case of apple, the exocarp and skin can be thought of as one and the same, bearing in mind that the skin is composed of very specific cells in apple fruit: waxy cuticle, epidermal cell layer, and a hypodermal layer of several cells.</DIV><DIV><BR></DIV><DIV>I don't know if this helps clarify the debate, but if not, please email again.</DIV><DIV><BR></DIV><DIV>Martin Goffinet</DIV><DIV>----------------</DIV><DIV><BR></DIV><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite" cite=""><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 221); ">Begin forwarded message:</SPAN></BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite" cite=""><BR style="color: rgb(0, 0, 221); "><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite" cite=""><FONT face="Helvetica" color="#000000"><B style="font-weight: bold; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; ">From:</SPAN></B></FONT><FONT face="Helvetica"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 99, 18); "> Peter Stevens <</SPAN></FONT><A href="mailto:peter.stevens@mobot.org"><FONT face="Helvetica"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238); -khtml-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; ">peter.stevens@mobot.org</SPAN></FONT></A><FONT face="Helvetica"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 99, 18); ">></SPAN></FONT></BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite" cite=""><FONT face="Helvetica" color="#000000"><B style="font-weight: bold; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; ">Date:</SPAN></B></FONT><FONT face="Helvetica"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 99, 18); "> September 7, 2007 1:18:19 PM EDT</SPAN></FONT></BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite" cite=""><FONT face="Helvetica" color="#000000"><B style="font-weight: bold; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; ">To:</SPAN></B></FONT><FONT face="Helvetica"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 99, 18); "> Chih-Wei Tung <</SPAN></FONT><A href="mailto:cwt6@cornell.edu"><FONT face="Helvetica"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238); -khtml-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; ">cwt6@cornell.edu</SPAN></FONT></A><FONT face="Helvetica"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 99, 18); ">></SPAN></FONT></BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite" cite=""><FONT face="Helvetica" color="#000000"><B style="font-weight: bold; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; ">Subject:</SPAN></B></FONT><FONT face="Helvetica"><B style="color: rgb(0, 99, 18); font-weight: bold; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 99, 18); font-weight: bold; "> Re: [Po-dev] Fwd: Terminology of Apple Fruit Tissues</SPAN></B></FONT></BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite" cite=""><BR style="color: rgb(0, 99, 18); "></BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite" cite=""><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 99, 18); ">OK, I followed you until this paragraph:</SPAN></BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite" cite=""><BR style="color: rgb(0, 99, 18); "></BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite" cite=""><FONT color="#001BD0"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 27, 208); ">So, the fruit "cortex" is NOT the same as "flesh" or "mesocarp," but is a region that makes up the flesh. Pericarp, mesocarp, endocarp, and exocarp are simple topographic, descriptive terms that reference the tissue by its position within the fruit. Cortex thus is a component of the mesocarp, while the skin is described as the exocarp by some authors.</SPAN></FONT></BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite" cite=""><BR style="color: rgb(0, 99, 18); "></BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite" cite=""><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 99, 18); ">If the apple fruit is the product of an inferior ovary, whatever the mechanism by which the ovary became inferior (i.e. axial or appendicular), the skin is surely not the exocarp, which is a term applied to the fruit proper, and similarly the apple cortex is not a component of the mesocarp (if anything, it would be the other way around), and the meso- exo- and endocarps are a tad more than descriptive terms (what terms are not?), but refer specifically to fruits proper, i.e. a carpel/s at the time of dispersal of the seed.</SPAN></BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite" cite=""><BR style="color: rgb(0, 99, 18); "></BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite" cite=""><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 99, 18); ">P.</SPAN></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR></DIV><X-SIGSEP><PRE style="white-space: pre; ">--
</PRE></X-SIGSEP><DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman" size="-1" color="#000000"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; ">Martin C. Goffinet, Ph.D.</SPAN><X-TAB style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; "> </SPAN></X-TAB><X-TAB style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; "> </SPAN></X-TAB><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; "> Ph: 315-787-2392</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman" size="-1" color="#000000"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; ">Cornell University</SPAN><X-TAB style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; "> </SPAN></X-TAB><X-TAB style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; "> </SPAN></X-TAB><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; "> Fax: 315-787-2216</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman" size="-1" color="#000000"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; ">Department of Horticultural Sciences</SPAN><X-TAB style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; "> </SPAN></X-TAB><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; "> Web:</SPAN></FONT><FONT size="-2" color="#000000"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 9px; "> <A href="http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/faculty/goffinet/">http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/faculty/goffinet/</A></SPAN></FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman" size="-1" color="#000000"><BR style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; ">New York State Agricultural Experiment Station</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman" size="-1" color="#000000"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; ">630 W. North Street</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman" size="-1" color="#000000"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10px; ">Geneva, NY 14456</SPAN></FONT></DIV><BR class="Apple-interchange-newline"></SPAN></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV><BR></BODY></HTML>