<HTML><BODY style="word-wrap: break-word; -khtml-nbsp-mode: space; -khtml-line-break: after-white-space; "><DIV><BR><DIV>Begin forwarded message:</DIV><BR class="Apple-interchange-newline"><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" color="#000000" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000"><B>From: </B></FONT><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica">Peter Stevens <<A href="mailto:peter.stevens@mobot.org">peter.stevens@mobot.org</A>></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" color="#000000" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000"><B>Date: </B></FONT><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica">September 7, 2007 1:18:19 PM EDT</FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" color="#000000" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000"><B>To: </B></FONT><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica">Chih-Wei Tung <<A href="mailto:cwt6@cornell.edu">cwt6@cornell.edu</A>></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" color="#000000" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000"><B>Subject: </B></FONT><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica"><B>Re: [Po-dev] Fwd: Terminology of Apple Fruit Tissues</B></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV> OK, I followed you until this paragraph:<DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#001BD0">So, the fruit "cortex" is NOT the same as</FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#001BD0"> </FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#001BD0">"flesh" or "mesocarp," but is a region that makes up the flesh.</FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#001BD0"> </FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#001BD0">Pericarp, mesocarp, endocarp, and exocarp are simple topographic, descriptive terms that reference the tissue by its position within the fruit.</FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#001BD0"> </FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#001BD0">Cortex thus is a component of the mesocarp, while the skin is described as the exocarp by some authors.</FONT></DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>If the apple fruit is the product of an inferior ovary, whatever the mechanism by which the ovary became inferior (i.e. axial or appendicular), the skin is surely not the exocarp, which is a term applied to the fruit proper, and similarly the apple cortex is not a component of the mesocarp (if anything, it would be the other way around), and the meso- exo- and endocarps are a tad more than descriptive terms (what terms are not?), but refer specifically to fruits proper, i.e. a carpel/s at the time of dispersal of the seed.</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>P.</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV> <BR><DIV><DIV>On Sep 7, 2007, at 10:43 AM, Chih-Wei Tung wrote:</DIV><BR class="Apple-interchange-newline"><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><BR><DIV><BR><DIV>Begin forwarded message:</DIV><BR class="Apple-interchange-newline"><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" color="#000000" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000"><B>From: </B></FONT><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica">"Martin C. Goffinet" <<A href="mailto:mcg2@nysaes.cornell.edu">mcg2@nysaes.cornell.edu</A>></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" color="#000000" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000"><B>Date: </B></FONT><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica">September 6, 2007 4:49:37 PM EDT</FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" color="#000000" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000"><B>To: </B></FONT><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica"><A href="mailto:cwt6@cornell.edu">cwt6@cornell.edu</A></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" color="#000000" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000"><B>Cc: </B></FONT><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica"><A href="mailto:skb3@nysaes.cornell.edu">skb3@nysaes.cornell.edu</A></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" color="#000000" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000"><B>Subject: </B></FONT><FONT face="Helvetica" size="3" style="font: 12.0px Helvetica"><B>Terminology of Apple Fruit Tissues</B></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV> <DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">To Chih-Wei Tung:</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Because I am a plant anatomist with some experience in apple fruit structure and development, Professor Susan Brown has forwarded your email to me concerning the terminology of apple fruit tissues.<SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>Below and in the attached scan of a few drawings from a 1942 paper, I will try to give you my perspective on this issue.</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">The "fruit cortex" of apple is specifically the tissue between the skin and the 10 large vascular bundles as seen in an equatorial cross section of the fruit.<SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>The "pith" is that tissue inside these 10 bundles but outside the horseshoe-shaped region (the carpellary tissue) that surrounds each seed locule within the fruit.<SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>We eat both the cortex and pith tissues and consider them to make up the flesh in mature fruit.<SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>In general, the core is the part of the fruit not eaten.<SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>This typically contains the seeds, surrounding leathery pericarp (some would say endocarp), and any adherent softer tissue that may be considered pericarp, as interpreted by those who claim that the pome fruit is a receptacle overarching and embedding five individual carpels.<SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>This is the view taken by the authors of the information in the attached drawings, a view that provides much of the terminology we most use today in describing apple anatomy.<SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>I use this terminology, although I am not a disciple of this school of thought, but it does provide a common language for descriptive purposes.<SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>The two schools of thought of this, for apple, are presented in the review of Charlotte Pratt (C.Pratt. 1988. Apple Flower and Fruit: Morphology and Anatomy.<SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>Horticultural Reviews 10: 273-308.).</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">So, the fruit "cortex" is NOT the same as<SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>"flesh" or "mesocarp," but is a region that makes up the flesh.<SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>Pericarp, mesocarp, endocarp, and exocarp are simple topographic, descriptive terms that reference the tissue by its position within the fruit.<SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>Cortex thus is a component of the mesocarp, while the skin is described as the exocarp by some authors.</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">The placenta is a region or zone along each carpel that erupts into the ovules, typically where (during floral development) the two longitudinal margins of each carpel's ovarian region fold and converge upon each other.<SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>In the case of apple, each of the two placental regions of each carpel will develop one ovule that, later on, will develop into a mature seed. <SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>Therefore, the description of the fruit placenta as a "more or less localized region within a fruit to<SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>which seeds are attached" is correct; the placenta cannot be synonymous with fruit core.<SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>The apple fruit has one fruit core but 10 enfolded carpel margins each with a placental region.</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">I don't know if this helps or confuses you even more.<SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>The interpretation of the pome fruit remains a complicated issue and by no means will there be agreement any time soon.</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Sincerely yours,</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Martin Goffinet</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Senior Research Associate</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">--<SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Martin C. Goffinet, Ph.D.<SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>Ph: 315-787-2392</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Cornell University<SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>Fax: 315-787-2216</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Department of Horticultural Sciences<SPAN class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"> </SPAN>Web: <A href="http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/faculty/goffinet/">http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/faculty/goffinet/</A></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">New York State Agricultural Experiment Station</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">630 W. North Street</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Geneva, NY 14456</DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><SPAN><DIV><AppleTissue.jpg></DIV></SPAN></DIV><DIV><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV><BR><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">_______________________________________________</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Po-dev mailing list</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><A href="mailto:Po-dev@plantontology.org">Po-dev@plantontology.org</A></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><A href="http://mail.plantontology.org/mailman/listinfo/po-dev">http://mail.plantontology.org/mailman/listinfo/po-dev</A></DIV> </BLOCKQUOTE></DIV><BR></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV><BR></BODY></HTML>